Outline of Course Material Covered on Exam I
GLY 414/514 Fall, 2003
Lecture Topic Reading Assignment
1. Introduction................. None
1.1. Woburn Case/Ground-Water Factoids
Not on the exam
1.2. Hydrology/Hydrogeology.......... 1.1-1.3
Be able to explain:
occupations of hydrologist/hydrogeologists
components of hydrologic cycle
infiltration and recharge
hydrologic equation
ground-water / surface-water continuum
Be able to distinguish:
hydrology, hydrogeology, ground-water hydrology
Be able to calculate:
water balance on a stream reach
water balance on a surficial aquifer
2. Occurrence and Properties of Ground Water................. 2.1-2.6
Be able to explain:
porosity, void ratio, solid density, bulk density
volumetric water content, saturation ratio
origins of fractures, secondary porosity, diagenesis
homogeneity/heterogeneity, isotropy/anisotropy
Be able to distinguish:
effects of grain size, grain sorting, grain shape on porosity
primary, secondary and effective porosity
soil texture classification based upon grain size distribution
volume averaging and random functions approach to REV (3.4)
homogeneous and heterogeneous system with respect to REV (3.4)
Be able to calculate:
porosity, saturation ratio, dry bulk density, from gravimetric measurements
3. Ground-Water Hydraulics and Flow................. 3.1-3.4
Be able to explain:
Darcy’s experiment (who he was, why and how he did it)
conductivity tensor and conductivity ellipse
Be able to distinguish:
dynamic head, static head, pressure head
specific weight and density of water
specific discharge, average linear velocity
absolute and gage pressure
laminar and turbulent flow with respect to Reynolds Number
primary and secondary permeability
infiltration behavior in summer and winter
field capacity, wilting point, residual water content
specific yield and storativity
normal and log-normal probability density curves
Be able to calculate:
intrinsic permeability, hydraulic conductivity
specific discharge, average linear velocity
hydraulic conductivity from Hazen’s K
range of validity of Darcy’s Law
geometric and arithmetic mean
pressure and elevation work/energy
anything to do with Darcy’s Law
4. Vadose Water and Flow................. 3.5
Be able to explain:
surface tension, contact angle, wettability, polar molecules
capillary fringe, water table, vasdose zone, ground water
soil moisture characteristic curve, static moisture profile
capillary bundle model, capillary suction
hysteresis in soil moisture curves, ink bottle effect
Richard’s Equation, soil water diffusivity
Be able to distinguish:
hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface
soil characteristic curve for well and poorly sorted media
draining curve and wetting curve
field capacity, wilting point, residual saturation
soil moisture dynamics in winter and summer
specific yield, specific retention
Be able to calculate:
capillary rise given contact angle diameter, vice versa
rise of water in a column under semi-vacuum
pressure head or moisture content from Brooks and Corey
volume of water released due to water table decline
5. Flow in Aquifers................. 4.1-4.4
Be able to explain
hydrostratigaphy
aquifer, confining unit, saturated thickness
equipotential lines, potentiometric map
flow lines, flow net, stream tube
transmissivity, specific storage, storativity
continuity equation for ground water (all terms)
topographically driven flow
ground water divide, no-flow boundary
Be able to distinguish:
aquiclude, aquifuge, aquitard
confined, unconfined, artesian aquifer
perched water table and regional (main) water table
potentiometric surface and water table
continuity equation for steady/unsteady state
continuity equation for homogeneous/heterogeneous K
continuity equation for isotropic/anisotropic K
Be able to calculate:
specific storage from aquifer and water compressibility
volume of water released from storage given storage parameters
flow rate and specific discharge from a flow net
flow net that observes rules of flow nets
flow line refraction across K interface (tangent law)
6. Geology of Ground Water................. 2.1-2.6
6.1. Geologic Processes
Be able to explain:
how erosion, transport, and deposition create aquifers
why energy of deposition affects ultimate permeability
the properties of water that cause weathering
sea level transgression and regression
effect of diagenesis on porosity and permeability
Be able to distinguish:
high energy and low energy depositional environments
continental, coastal, and marine environments
eolian, fluvial, lacustrine, marine deposits
physical and chemical diagenetic influences on porosity
local and regional topographically driven systems
6.2. Surficial Aquifer Systems
Be able to explain:
how glaciers form valley fill aquifers
why valley fill aquifers are so heterogeneous
how rivers form fluvial aquifers
Be able to distinguish:
hydrogeologic properties of outwash- and lake-derived aquifers
diamicton, glaciolacustrine, glaciofluvial deposits
pollution vulnerability of outwash- and lake-derived aquifers
6.3. Regional Aquifer Systems
Be able to explain:
how basin-fill and blanket alluvial aquifers form
how carbonate aquifers form
how karst terranes and sinkholes form
Be able to distinguish:
fractured and karstic carbonate aquifers
pollution vulnerability of outwash- and lake-derived aquifers
hydrogeologic properties of aquifers derived from…
high-energy and low-energy fluvial aquifers
saline fouling of wells by upwelling and frontal seawater intrusion
6.4. Summary of Aquifer Types.......... Handout